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senatus consultum ultimum
''Senatus consultum ultimum'' (''"Final decree of the Senate"'' or Final Act, often abbreviated SCU), more properly senatus consultum de re publica defendenda (''"Decree of the Senate about defending the Republic"'') is the modern term (based on Caesar's wording at ''Bell. Civ.'' 1.5) given to a decree of the Roman Senate during the late Roman Republic passed in times of emergency. The form was usually ''consules darent operam ne quid detrimenti res publica caperet'' or ''videant consules ne res publica detrimenti capiat'' ("let the consuls see to it that the state suffer no harm"). It was first passed during the fall from power of Tiberius Gracchus in 133 BC, and subsequently at several other points, including during Lepidus' march on Rome in 77 BC, the Conspiracy of Catiline in 63 BC, and before Julius Caesar crossed the Rubicon in 49 BC. The ''senatus consultum ultimum'' effectively replaced the disused dictatorship, by removing limitations on the magistrates' powers to preserve the State. After the rise of the Principate, there was little need for the Senate to issue the decree again.
== Background and term ==
From around the year 500 BC, the dictatorship was the main measure of emergency power in the Roman Republic. In a ''senatus consultum'', the Roman Senate would authorize the consuls to nominate a dictator who received ''imperium magnum'', great power to act in a time of emergency (usually military) until the crisis was over (but no longer than half a year). The dictatorship marked the sole exception from the rules of collegiality and responsibility, meaning the dictator was not legally liable for official actions. This changed around the year 300 BC, when, against its very nature, the dictatorship was placed under the public ''provocatio'', meaning that the Plebeian Council could be called to counter-act executive actions of the dictator. As a result, the practice was altered and later dropped altogether after 202 BC.
The ''senatus consultum ultimum'', which replaced the dictatorship in the late second century, does not have a specific name in the sources, where it is usually mentioned "by quoting what was obviously its opening advisory statements to the magistrate who had it passed". It is by that specific phrase the SCU can be traced through the years.〔For instance, we know of the SCU passed for Cicero in 63 BC because Cassius Dio quotes the decree in full length in his (greek) ''History of Rome'', in Cass. Dio. 37, 31, 2-3: καὶ προσεψηφίσαντο τοῖς ὑπάτοις τὴν φυλακὴν τῆς τε πόλεως καὶ τῶν ὅλων αὐτῆς πραγμάτων, καθάπερ εἰώθεσαν: καὶ γὰρ τούτῳ τῷ δόγματι προσεγράφη τὸ διὰ φροντίδος αὐτοὺς σχεῖν ὥστε μηδεμίαν ἀποτριβὴν τῷ δημοσίῳ συμβῆναι ("and they voted further both the protection of the city and all of its affairs to the consuls, as they were accustomed (do ); for it was written in addition in this decree that they should have care that no harm was suffered by the state", translation after Golden 2013, p. 104.)〕 Its short name in research literature derives from a section in Caesar's ''Commentarii de Bello Civili'', where he writes:
Since this is the shortest mention of the decree available, "the label () seems to have stuck". The actual wording of the decree was however longer, Gerhard Plaumann gives it as ''"de ea re ita censuere: uti () rem publicam defendant operamque dent ''(or ''videant'') ''ne quid res publica detrimenti capiat"'', having destilled this from a number of sources writing about the decree. He therefore argues that ''senatus consultum de re publica defenda'' or "quasi-dictatorship" would be more fitting terms. It is the vague nature of the phrase that left the decree open for attacks over its legality. The word ''ultimum'' (final) does not indicate it to be the last decree passed by a senate or that it constituted an ultimatum, but rather that the decree was viewed (and for the most time used) only as a "last resort".
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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